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Facilities in homes, early-mid 20th Century

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'Frozen up' in winter before double glazing and central heating

ice patterns on windows

Frozen up describes the outside temperature dropping below freezing so that water in homes starts turning to ice, eventually causing water pipes to be blocked with ice. Taps turn on, but no water comes out. Water in basins, baths, and lavatories does not run away. To add to the misery, without water there can be no hot drinks and no cooking. This happened regularly in winters in the past when heating was inadequate and there was no double glazing. This page elaborates from the viewpoint of effects on everyday life.

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By the webmaster: her early recollections with further research and contributions from others who lived at the time

Why being frozen up was widespread in the past

Before central heating in homes and before windows were double glazed, being 'frozen up' was a regular winter hazard. No-one I knew in the 1940s and 1950s had central heating at home and coal for heating was rationed. Our house - built in the 1930s and typical of its time - had solid brick walls rather than the cavity walls of later houses, and the loft wasn't lagged.

Cold water tanks tended to be in lofts which were cold. (Hot water tanks were in airing cupboards in one of the rooms inside the house - in the bathroom where one existed.) Cold tanks, which were themselves cold in cold weather, were fed and topped up from cold water mains supplies which, being outside the house, were inevitably colder still. All too often pipes were not lagged.

That fact that being frozen up is not a feature of today is due to improved building practices with better insulation, warmer winters and the widespread installation of central heating and double glazing. Homes started being centrally heated round about 1950 or 1960, but the date has to be an approximation because wealthier homes and public buildings had it earlier than poorer homes.

Early attempts at minimising being frozen up

Lead pipes

The problem of burst pipes was lessened (but not eliminated) by pipes tending to be made of lead, a flexible metal. However lead is poisonous. So where water was left in the pipes for any length of time, it not only tasted bad but was actually poisonous. Fortunately water was seldom left in pipes for long enough to cause significant hazards, although there were cases of lead poisoning.

Gradually lead pipes were replaced by copper or plastic pipes and run wherever possible inside rather than outside buildings, and much more lagging was introduced.

Peter Johnson


How to keep the outside flush lavatory working

In our Victorian terraces we had an outside lavatory that would freeze solid in cold weather. The cast iron tank high up on the wall would be a lump of ice. So my father would turn off the water inside the house last thing at night as the temperature dripped, then flush the bowl. This way the tank was empty of water and could not freeze up. Then he would put lots of salt into the bowl and put an old rug over it. If one of the family needed to go in the night there were chamber pots under beds.

Peter Johnson


Life while frozen up

It was colder at night than in the day, so in freezing weather householders woke up to the fear and question of whether or not one of their pipes had burst. The first sign was that a lavatory wouldn't flush or that there was no running water.

It was common on a winter's morning to wake up to find ice on the insides of the windows of bedrooms, where the condensation had frozen. Milk on the doorstep from the milkman was frozen solid.

A compensation was that ponds were frozen solid, which was fun. In really bad winters, people were skating on the ponds. My mother took me to see, but wouldn't let me on the ice. In retrospect I am surprised that skating on ponds was allowed, but health and safety was not an issue then. I have since heard that people were trapped under broken ice once the thaw started, and some had to be taken to hospital.

Keeping warm in bed

The two smallest of us children slept between mum and dad to keep warm and the remaining three all slept in one bed. We resorted to putting house bricks on the fire until they changed to a light colour when hot, then lifting them off onto a shovel. They were then wrapped in an old piece of blanket and put into our beds.

There was a fireplace in the front bedroom but the coal ration didn't stretch to that being used! The two other bedrooms had no fireplaces so we relied on bottles, bricks and body warmth. Some people had rubber hot water bottle from before the war, these were no longer available during the war, so when they wore out it was back to the old house brick and stone hot water bottle.

Peter Johnson


Making tea with no running water

This page explains why coal was rationed, gives dates and the amount of the coal ration and people's reactions to it.

On the first day of unexpectedly being frozen up, we hadn't saved water from the previous day. There was of course no running water. So we made our breakfast pot of tea from the water in last night's hot water bottles. It didn't taste nice but it was better than nothing.

Ethna Comerford


Ice patterns on windows - admired from the warmth of bed

On cold winter-mornings I used to love to look at the swirly patterns of ice on the inside of the window panes. My children can't believe that I used to sleep in such conditions. I am glad that they sleep in their warm double-glazed modern bedrooms, but part of me is sad that they will never experience the thrill of seeing those unique icy-patterns for themselves first thing in the morning.

ice patterns on windows

Lacy ice patterns on a bedroom window before central heating

David Harriman

Anything damp that touched icy windows stuck to them

The temperature often went below freezing, so that if you touched a window, it froze the damp on your finger and made it stick to the glass. You had to huff on it with your breath to loosen your finger, and you had to do it gently! A neighbour had let her net curtains get damp and they stuck to the glass. When she tried to remove them, she could tell that they would tear. So they remained stuck to the window until the thaw came.

Richard Ouston


Sanding the pavement outside the house

It was common practice to expect every household to be responsible for the area of pavement outside their own house - sadly no longer the case. So everybody would save the ash from their coal fires to spread onto the pavement to stop people slipping over.

Peter Johnson


The even worse: the thaw

Once the temperature outside rose, there was the fear of burst pipes. This was because water expands when it turns to ice which increases the pressure inside the pipes causing cracks. Bursts weren't noticed until the thaw came because the ice, being solid, could not seep through the cracks. However, once the thaw came, there were floods. To make matters worse, no-one had any idea which part of which pipe would give way first. So we had to be vigilant with buckets and bowls ready to collect the drips which, as often as not, were inside the house.

Locating leaks and getting a plumber

Once the pipes began to thaw, the search for leaks began. This was not always straightforward because water can seep along surfaces and just drip from its lowest point. The worst fear was that the drips were above a ceiling because if allowed to continue they could bring the ceiling down.

Unfortunately it was seldom quick to get a plumber to come out to the house because so many houses were calling on plumbers' services. While waiting for a plumber's arrival, buckets were placed to collect the water. If it was a bad leak, emptying and replacing the buckets was continuous work. Where sinks were frozen up, the emptying had to be outside the house - a cold job.

When a plumber did arrive, he dried the outside of the pipe - normally in the loft - and went along it with a blowlamp or a hot water bottle. This encouraged more ice inside the pipe to melt, making it seep out more quickly so identifying where the problem lay. He then replaced that portion of pipe-work.

Peter Johnson

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